واکاوی نقش تفکر طراحی در ارتقای مهارت‌های قرن بیست و یکم: مرور نظام‌مند

ابوالحسنی, زهرا; دهقانی, مرضیه; جوادی پور, محمد; صالحی, کیوان; محمدحسنی, نسرین

doi:10.22061/tej.2021.7206.2508

نشریات مستقل دانشگاه در سامانه ارزیابی نشریات علمی وزارت علوم

نشریه معماری وشهرسازی پایدار موفق به اخذ رتبه علمی-پژوهشی شد

تعداد نشریات	13
تعداد شماره‌ها	200
تعداد مقالات	2,008
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	2,680,113
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	1,937,340

	واکاوی نقش تفکر طراحی در ارتقای مهارت‌های قرن بیست و یکم: مرور نظام‌مند
فناوری آموزش
مقاله 7، دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 61، دی 1400، صفحه 81-98 اصل مقاله (810.85 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22061/tej.2021.7206.2508
نویسندگان
زهرا ابوالحسنی¹؛ مرضیه دهقانی^* ¹؛ محمد جوادی پور¹؛ کیوان صالحی¹؛ نسرین محمدحسنی²
¹گروه روش‌ها و برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران،تهران، ایران
²گروه تکنولوژی آموزشی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی،تهران، ایران
تاریخ دریافت: 01 شهریور 1400، تاریخ بازنگری: 10 آذر 1400، تاریخ پذیرش: 15 دی 1400
چکیده
پیشینه و اهداف: : تفکر طراحی یک روش حل مسأله مشارکتی با رویکرد انسان محور است که با بالا بردن تواناییهای تفکر خلاق یادگیرندگان، نوآوری را تقویت میکند. تفکرطراحی به بخشی جداییناپذیر در زمینههای طراحی و مهندسی و همچنین تجارت تبدیل شدهاست؛ اما میتواند تأثیر مثبتی در آموزش قرن بیست و یکم در سایر رشتهها نیز داشته باشد. با استفاده از تفکر طراحی در محیطهای آموزشی، دانشآموزان به‌طور منطقی میخوانند، فکر میکنند و استدلال کرده و مشکلات پیچیدهای را میتوانند، حل کنند. این در حالی است که تعاریف متعددی از تفکر طراحی آمدهاست به‌طوری‌که بسیاری از نویسندگان اظهار داشتهاند یک تعریف ثابت جهانی از تفکر طراحی وجود ندارد. لذا تلاش برای فهم و ابهام‌زدایی از تفکر طراحی ضروری به‌نظر میرسد. در همین راستا هدف از پژوهش حاضر تحلیل مفهوم تفکر طراحی و بررسی مدلهای تفکر طراحی و تعاریف مهارتهای قرن بیست ویکم، همچنین بررسی نقش تفکر طراحی بر روی مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم با جمعآوری، ارزیابی و مرور نظاممند مقالات مرتبط با این موضوع میباشد. روش‌ها‌: در این مطالعه جست و جو در بانکهای داده اریک، ساینس دایرکت، تایلر و فرانسیس و اسپرینگر و گوگل اسکلار انجام شد و کلیه مقالاتی که از سال 2000 تا 2020 در بانک دادههای آنها نمایه شده بود با زبان انگلیسی گردآوری شد. پس از جست‌وجو در بانکهای داده، مقالات مرتبط انتخاب شده و با ملاک ارزیابی casp مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفتند. پس از خواندن خلاصه مقالات و بررسی اولیه و حذف مقالات غیرمرتبط، نسخه کامل 83 مقاله تهیه و بررسی شد. مقالات مرتبط انتخاب، سپس از بین مقالات موجود شده و جهت ارزیابی تفصیلی بر اساس ملاک ارزیابیcasp مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. همچنین در جستجوی دستی که از طریق منابع مقالات انجام شد. با توجه به ماهیت تفکر طراحی 3 سایت مرجع برای ارائه مدل و 3 کتاب و 2 سایت برای مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم را اضافه کردیم. در نهایت 54 مقاله، کتاب و سایت جهت مطالعه تفصیلی انتخاب شد. یافته‌ها: با توجه به مقالات مورد مطالعه به‌دست آمده، یافتههای مقالات درچهار گروه طبقه بندی شدند که عبارتند از: 1- مقالاتی که مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم را تبیین نمودهاند. 2- مقالاتی که تعریفی نو از تفکر طراحی ارائه دادهاند. 3- مقالاتی که????مدلهای جدیدی از تفکر طراحی را ارائه نمودهاند. 4-???? مقالاتی که از مدلها در اجرای طرح و ارتقای مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم استفاده نمودهاند. با توجه به نتیجه به‌دست آمده علی‌رغم شباهتها و ارتباطاتی که میتواند در چهارچوبهای مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم شناسایی شود، اصطلاحات و تعاریف مختلف اغلب برای توصیف یک مهارت یا مجموعه مهارتها استفاده میشود که باعث ابهام و سردرگمی است. در همین راستا مهارتهایی که در تمامی چارچوبهای ذکر شدهاست عبارتند از: همکاری و ارتباطات؛ سواد فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات؛ مهارتهای اجتماعی؛ همچنین خلاقیت؛ تفکر انتقادی؛ حل مسأله، تولید محصولات با کیفیت و بهرهوری. همچنین نتایج مطالعات حاکی از این نکته بود که اجرای تفکر طراحی منجر به تقویت مهارت حل مسأله، نوآوری و خلاقیت و مهارت استفاده از تفکر تلفیقی میشود. در ادامه اجرای تفکر طراحی همراه با همدلی، همکاری، کار تیمی نیز همراه است که این امر به خودباوری و ارزشمند بودن فرد یادگیرنده منجر میشود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج پژوهش به‌طور کلی میتوان گفت، از آنجاکه جامعه امروز به تربیت نسل مجهز به مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم، برای پیشبرد اهداف عالیه جامعه نیاز دارد؛ لذا توجه به بسترسازی شرایط لازم برای اجرای تفکر طراحی نقش بیبدیلی را در پرورش نسلی کارآمد ایفا میکند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
مهارت های قرن بیست و یکم؛ تفکر طراحی؛ مدل؛ مرور نظاممند
موضوعات
رویکردهای نوین آموزشی
عنوان مقاله [English]
An analysis of the role of design thinking in promoting the 21st-century skills: A systematic review
نویسندگان [English]
Z. Abolhasani¹؛ M. Dehghani¹؛ M. Javadipour¹؛ K. Salehi¹؛ N. Mohammadhasani²
¹Department of Methods and Curriculum Planning, College of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
²Department of Educational Technology, College of Psychology and Educational Sciences, kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives: Design thinking is a participatory problem-solving method with a human-centered approach that enhances innovation by enhancing learners' creative thinking abilities. Although design thinking has become an integral part of design and engineering as well as business, it can have a positive impact on the 21st century education in other fields, too. Using design thinking in educational settings, students read, think, and reason logically and can solve complex problems. However, there are several definitions of design thinking, as many authors have stated that there is no fixed universal definition of design thinking. Therefore, it seems necessary to try to understand and demystify design thinking. In this regard, the purpose of this study researchis to analyze the concept of design thinking and study the models of design thinking and definitions of the 21st century skills as well as the role of design thinking on the 21st century skills by systematic collecting, evaluating and reviewing the related articles on this topic. Methods: In this study, searches were performed in the databases of Eric, ScienceDirect, Taylor and Francis, Springer, and Google Scholar, and all articles indexed in their databases from 2000 to 2020 were collected in English. After searching the databases, the relevant articles were selected and evaluated according to the CASP evaluation criteria. After reading the abstracts and the initial review and removal of irrelevant articles, the full version of 83 articles was prepared and reviewed. Then, among the available articles, the relevant ones were selected and evaluated for detailed evaluation based on CASP evaluation criteria. Also, in the manual search that was done through the sources of articles, according to the nature of design thinking, 3 reference sites were added to present the model and 3 books and 2 websites were added for the skills of the 21st century. Finally, 54 articles, books and websites were selected for detailed study. Findings: According to the obtained/aforementioned studies, they were categorized in four groups: 1- Articles that have explained the skills of the 21st century. 2- Articles that have offered a new definition of design thinking. 3- Articles that have presented new models of design thinking. 4- Articles that have used the models in implementing the design and improving the skills of the 21st century. Given the results, despite the similarities and connections that can be identified in the context of 21st century skills, different terms and definitions are often used to describe a skill or a set of skills that cause ambiguity and confusion. In this regard, the skills that are mentioned in all frameworks are as follows: cooperation and communication; ICT literacy; social skills; creativity; critical thinking; problem solving, production of quality products and productivity. The results of the studies also showed that the implementation of design thinking leads to strengthening problem-solving skills, innovation and creativity, and the skill of using integrated thinking. Continuing the implementation of design thinking along with empathy, cooperation, teamwork leads to self-confidence and value of the learner. Conclusion: According to the research results, in general, it can be said that today's society needs to educate a generation equipped with the 21st century skills to advance the high goals of the society, so paying attention to creating the necessary conditions for the implementation of design thinking plays a unique role in raising a productive generation.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
21st Century Skills, Design thinking, Model, Systematic review

مراجع
[1] Fraser SW, Greenhalgh T. Coping with complexity: educating for capability. BMJ. 2001; 323(7316):799-803. [2] Yinger RJ. The promise of education. Journal of Education for Teaching. 2005;31(4): 307-310. [3] Baruque LB, Melo RN. Learning theory and instruction design using learning objects. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. 2004; 13(4): 343-370. [4] Bruton A. The Venture design studio: A design thinking approach to teaching and learning for the conception, communication and innovation of new venture concepts. In annual world conference of the international council for small business (ICSB), Cincinnati, OH 2010. [5] Rossi de Campos L. Design thinking in education: A case study following one school district's approach to innovation for the 21st Century.2015. [6] Retna KS. Thinking about “design thinking”: A study of teacher experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Education. 2016 ;36(sup1): 5-19. [7] Dikmans C. Die Bedeutung von erfahrungsbasiertem Lernen für den Erwerb von Schlüsselkompetenzen [ dissertation] 2011. [8] Johansson‐Sköldberg U, Woodilla J, Çetinkaya M. Design thinking: past, present and possible futures. Creativity and Innovation Management. 2013; 22(2): 121-146. [9] Shively K, Stith KM, Rubenstein LD. Measuring what matters: Assessing creativity, critical thinking, and the design process. Gifted Child Today. 2018; 41(3):149-58. [10] Schlenker L, Chantelot S. Design in Practice: Scenarios for Improving Management Education. International Association for the Development of the Information Society; 2014. [11] Hasso P, Christoph M, Larry L. Design thinking: understand, improve, apply. Understanding innovation. Berlin: Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2011. [12] Dym CL, Agogino AM, Eris O, Frey DD, Leifer LJ. Engineering design thinking, teaching, and learning. Journal of Engineering Education. 2005; 94(1): 103-120. [13] Skaggs P, Fry R, Howell B. Thinking about design thinking. InVentureWell. Proceedings of Open, the Annual Conference 2009 (p. 1). National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance. [14] Altringer B, Habbal F. Embedding design thinking in a multidisciplinary engineering curriculum. InVentureWell. Proceedings of Open, the Annual Conference 2015 (p. 1). National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance. [15] Wang S, Wang H. Teaching Tip: Teaching Case: A Design Thinking Approach to Teaching Knowledge Management. Journal of Information Systems Education. 2008; 19(2): 137. [16] Wells A. The importance of design thinking for technological literacy: a phenomenological perspective. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 2013; 23(3): 623-636. [17] Alhamdani WA. Teaching cryptography using design thinking approach. Journal of Applied Security Research. 2016; 11(1): 78-89. [18] Tan C, Wong YL. Promoting spiritual ideals through design thinking in public schools. International Journal of Children's Spirituality. 2012; 17(1): 25-37. [19] Purdy JP. What can design thinking offer writing studies. College Composition and Communication. 2014: 612-641. [20] Watson AD. Design thinking for life. Art Education. 2015; 68(3): 8-12. [21] Lloyd P. Embedded creativity: teaching design thinking via distance education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 2013; 23(3): 749-65. [22] Carroll M, Goldman S, Britos L, Koh J, Royalty A, Hornstein M. Destination, imagination and the fires within: Design thinking in a middle school classroom. International Journal of Art & Design Education. 2010; 29(1): 37-53. [23] Donar A. Thinking design and pedagogy: An examination of five canadian post-secondary courses in design thinking. Canadian Review of Art Education: Research and Issues. 2011; 38: 84-102. [24] O’Donoghue D, Berard MF. Six qualities of socially engaged design: Emerging possibilities for K-12 art education programs. Art Education. 2014; 67(6): 6-10. [25] Becker K, Mentzer N. Engineering design thinking: High school students' performance and knowledge. In2015 International conference on interactive collaborative learning (ICL). 2015 Sep 20 5-12. [26] Henriksen D, Gretter S, Richardson C. Design thinking and the practicing teacher: addressing problems of practice in teacher education. Teaching Education. 2020; 31(2): 209-229. [27] Rotherham AJ, Willingham D. 21st century. Educational leadership. 2009; 67(1): 16-21. [28] Rossi de Campos L. Design thinking in education: A case study following one school district's approach to innovation for the 21st Century [dissertation]. San Francisco: University of San Francisco;2015. [29] Anderson N. Design thinking: Employing an effective multidisciplinary pedagogical framework to foster creativity and innovation in rural and remote education. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education. 2012 ;22(2):43-52. [30] Scheer A, Noweski C, Meinel C. Transforming constructivist learning into action: Design thinking in education. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal. 2012; 17(3): 8-19. [31] Noel LA, Liub TL. Using Design Thinking to create a new education paradigm for elementary level children for higher student engagement and success. Design and Technology Education. 2017;22(1): 1. [32] Pavie X, Carthy D. Leveraging uncertainty: a practical approach to the integration of responsible innovation through design thinking. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 213: 1040-1049. [33] von Korflesch HF, Mokanis I, Zerwas D. Introducing entrepeneurial design thinking.2012 [11] Johansson‐Sköldberg U, Woodilla J, Çetinkaya M. Design thinking: past, present and possible futures. Creativity and Innovation Management. 2013; 22(2):121-146. [34] Kimbell L. Rethinking design thinking: Part I. Design and Culture. 2011; 3(3): 285-306. [35] Liedtka J. Perspective: Linking design thinking with innovation outcomes through cognitive bias reduction. Journal of product innovation management. 2015; 32(6): 925-938. [36] Rodgers PA. Articulating design thinking. Design Studies. 2013; 34(4): 433-437. [37] Von Thienen J, Noweski C, Meinel C, Rauth I. The co-evolution of theory and practice in design thinking–or– “mind the oddness trap!”. InDesign thinking 2011 (pp. 81-99). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. [38] Yarmohamadiyan MH, Mohamadi E, Movahedi F. [Standards for compiling review articles in the health system, health information management]. Health Information Management. 2012; 6(8). Persian. [39] De Loë RC, Melnychuk N, Murray D, Plummer R. Advancing the state of policy Delphi practice: A systematic review evaluating methodological evolution, innovation, and opportunities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2016; 104: 78-88. [40] Silva M. A systematic review of foresight in project management literature. Procedia Computer Science. 2015; 64: 792-799. [41] Sengers F, Wieczorek AJ, Raven R. Experimenting for sustainability transitions: A systematic literature review. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2019; 145: 153-164. [42] Okoli C, Schabram K. A guide to conducting a systematic literature review of information systems research. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems. 2015; 10(26). [43] CASP. casp-uk.net. Available from: [Accessed 2021]. [44] Partnership for 21st Century Skills. Framework for 21st century learning. [45] Afandi A, Sajidan S, Akhyar M, Suryani N. Development frameworks of the Indonesian partnership 21st-Century skills standards for prospective science teachers: A Delphi study. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia. 2019; 8(1): 89-100. [46] Jabbarova A. Effective 21st Century English Language Teaching Styles. Архив Научных Публикаций JSPI. 2020: 1-4. [47] Metiri Group. enGauge 21st century skills for 21st century learners. [48] Kereluik K, Mishra P, Fahnoe C, Terry L. What knowledge is of most worth: Teacher knowledge for 21st century learning. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education. 2013; 29(4): 127-140. [49] Roffey H, MacDonald K, Ingerman J, Kingsmill P. Developing 21st Century Skills with Online Curation and Social Annotation. Vanier Academic Voices .2020; 3(1). [50] Kim HK, Park J. Examination of the protection offered by current accessibility acts and guidelines to people with disabilities in using information technology devices. Electronics. 2020; 9(5): 742. [51] Kim HK, Park J. Examination of the Protection Offered by Current Accessibility Acts and Guidelines to People with Disabilities in Using Information Technology Devices. Electronics. 2020 May;9(5):742. [52] Rayna T, Striukova L. Fostering skills for the 21st century: The role of Fab labs and makerspaces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020: 120391. [53] Tuparevska E, Santibáñez R, Solabarrieta J. Social exclusion in EU lifelong learning policies: prevalence and definitions. International Journal of Lifelong Education. 2020; 39(2): 179-190. [54] Ananiadou K, Claro M. 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Education Working Papers. 2009; 41:1-33. [55] Martin JP. Skills for the 21st century: Findings and policy lessons from the OECD survey of adult skills. OECD Education Working Papers. 2018; 166: 3-33. [56] OECD. The definition and selection of key competencies: executive summary. Available from: [57] Cross N. From a design science to a design discipline: Understanding designerly ways of knowing and thinking. Design research now. 2007; 41-54. [58] Dunne D, Martin R. Design thinking and how it will change management education: An interview and discussion. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2006;5(4):512-523. [59] Beckman SL, Barry M. Innovation as a learning process: Embedding design thinking. California management review. 2007;50(1):25-56. [60] Brown T. Design thinking. Harvard business review. 2008; 86(6): 84. [61] Brown T. Change by Design: How design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. [Kindle 2 version]. Retrieved from Amazon. com. 2009. [62] Clark K, Smith R. Unleashing the power of design thinking. Design Management Review. 2008;19(3):8-15. [63] Rauth I, Köppen E, Jobst B, Meinel C. Design thinking: An educational model towards creative confidence. InDS 66-2: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on design creativity (ICDC 2010) 2010. [64] Vetterli C, Brenner W, Uebernickel F, Berger K. Dynamisches IT-management: So steigern sie die agilität, flexibilität und innovationskraft Ihrer IT. Düsseldorf: Symposion Publishing; 2012. [65] Bauer R, Eagen W. Design thinking: Epistemic plurality in management and organization. Aesthesis: International Journal of Art and Aesthetics in Management and Organizational Life. 2008;2(3):568-596. [66] Lindberg T, Noweski C, Meinel C. Evolving discourses on design thinking: how design cognition inspires meta-disciplinary creative collaboration. Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research. 2010; 8(1). [67] Bell S J. Design Thinking. American Libraries. 2009; 45-49. [68] Romme AG. Making a difference: Organization as design. Organization science. 2003 ;14(5): 558-73. [69] Brown T, Wyatt J. Design thinking for social innovation. Development Outreach. 2010; 12(1): 29-43. [70] Melles G. An enlarged pragmatist inquiry paradigm for methodological pluralism in academic design research. Artifact: Journal of Design Practice. 2008; 2(1): 3-13. [71] Meinel C, Von Thienen J. Design thinking. Informatik-Spektrum. 2016; 39(4): 310-314. [72] IDEO (Ed.). IDEO corporate website. Palo Alto, 2016.CA IDEO \| ideo.com [73] Serie M. Imagine. Create. Innovate. Design Thinking with SAP.2012. [74] Waloszek G. Introduction to design thinking. SAP AG, SAP User Experience. 2012 Sep. [75] Chan J. Reflections on the responsibilities of design thinking in the new economy. Conference paper: International DMI Education Conference “Design Thinking: New Challenges for Designers, Managers and Organizations”, 14-15 2008. [76] Peacock R. An industrialists view. Insecond national conference of Design and Technology Educational Research and Curriculum Development, Loughborough, United Kingdom 1989. [77] Jiang H, Tang M, Peng X, Liu X. Learning design and technology through social networks for high school students in China. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 2018; 28(1):189-206. [78] Val E, Gonzalez I, Iriarte I, Beitia A, Lasa G, Elkoro M. A design thinking approach to introduce entrepreneurship education in European school curricula. The Design Journal. 2017; 20(sup1): 754-766. [79] Ewin N, Luck J, Chugh R, Jarvis J. Rethinking project management education: a humanistic approach based on design thinking. Procedia Computer Science. 2017; 121: 503-510. [80] Aranda ML, Lie R, Guzey SS. Productive thinking in middle school science students’ design conversations in a design-based engineering challenge. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 2020;30(1):67-81. [81] Hubbard L, Datnow A. Design thinking, leadership, and the grammar of schooling: Implications for educational change. American Journal of Education. 2020; 126(4): 499-518. [82] Guaman-Quintanilla S, Chiluiza K, Everaert P, Valcke M. Mapping impact of design thinking in teamwork, problem-solving and creativity. InProceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 2020; 1: 1715-1724. Cambridge University Press. [83] Lynch M, Kamovich U, Longva KK, Steinert M. Combining technology and entrepreneurial education through design thinking: Students' reflections on the learning process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2019: 119689. [84] Phusavat K, Hidayanto AN, Kess P, Kantola J. Integrating design thinking into peer-learning community. Journal of Workplace Learning. 2019; 31(1):59-74. [85] Ejsing‐Duun S, Skovbjerg HM. Design as a mode of inquiry in design pedagogy and design thinking. International Journal of Art & Design Education. 2019; 38(2): 445-460. [86] Kangas K, Seitamaa-Hakkarainen P. Collaborative design work in technology education. Handbook of Technology Education. Charm: Springer International Publishing; 2018. [87] Glen R, Suciu C, Baughn CC, Anson R. Teaching design thinking in business schools. The International Journal of Management Education. 2015; 13(2): 182-192. [88] Jun S, Han S, Kim S. Effect of design-based learning on improving computational thinking. Behaviour & Information Technology. 2017; 36(1): 43-53. [89] Gross K, Gross S. Transformation: Constructivism, design thinking, and elementary STEAM. Art Education. 2016; 69(6):36-43. [90] Welsh MA, Dehler GE. Combining critical reflection and design thinking to develop integrative learners. Journal of Management Education. 2013; 37(6):771-802. [91] Pusca, D., & Northwood, D. O. Design thinking and its application to problem solving. Global Journal of Engineering Education. 2018; 20(1): 3. [92] Wible, S. Using design thinking to teach creative problem solving in writing courses. College Composition and Communication. 2020; 71(3): 399-425. [93] Koh JH, Chai CS, Benjamin W, Hong HY. Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) and design thinking: A framework to support ICT lesson design for 21st century learning. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. 2015; 24(3): 535-543. [94] Koh JH, Chai CS, Wong B, Hong HY. Design thinking and 21st century skills. In Design Thinking for Education. Singapore: Springer; 2015. P.33-46. [95] Ahmadi Gh, Saberi M, Ahmadi F. [The effect of group discussion teaching on students' reasoning ability in problem solving]. Technology of Education Journal.2020;14(2):331-340. Persian. [96] Badele A, Nosrat N, Soleymani Rad V. [The effect of robotics training on problem solving skills in physics lessons of junior high school students]. Technology of Education Journal.2020; 14(2): 331-340. Persian. [97] Deaner K, McCreery-Kellert H. Cultivating peace through design thinking: problem solving with past foundation. Childhood Education. 2018 ;94(1):26-31. [98] Faridy zad A. [Disambiguation of design thinking and its characteristics]. Quarterly Journal of Comparative Art Studies.6(11),25-37. Persian. [99] Feyzi M, khak zand M. [Design thinking in the process of architectural design]. Bagh-e Nazar Magazine.2005; 4: 13-23. Persian. [100] Mohebati M, Lari M, Namvar Motlagh B, Davodi Rokn Abadi A, Salehi S. [Analysis of the characteristics of visual thinking and its function in the design thinking process]. Journal of Visual Arts.2019; 19: 155-162. Persian. [101] Buchanan R. Wicked problems in design thinking. Design issues. 1992; 8(2): 5-21. [102] Huber F, Peisl T, Gedeon S, Brodie J, Sailer K. Design thinking-based entrepreneurship education: How to incorporate design thinking principles into an entrepreneurship course. InProceedings of the 4th 3E Conference-ECSB Entrepreneurship Education 2016. [103] Gross K, Gross S. Transformation: Constructivism, design thinking, and elementary STEAM. Art Education. 2016;69(6):36-43.
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,106 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 551

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

پیوندهای مفید

اخبار و اعلانات

آمار

واکاوی نقش تفکر طراحی در ارتقای مهارت‌های قرن بیست و یکم: مرور نظام‌مند