Effect of relative humidity on mechanical strength of zirconia/ Nafion® nano-composite membrane

Sigwadi, R.; Nemavhola, F.; Dhlamini, MS.; Mokrani, T.

doi:10.22061/jcarme.2017.2484.1239

تعداد نشریات	13
تعداد شماره‌ها	238
تعداد مقالات	2,418
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	3,962,356
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	2,874,079

	Effect of relative humidity on mechanical strength of zirconia/ Nafion® nano-composite membrane
Journal of Computational & Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (JCARME)
مقاله 4، دوره 7، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 14، فروردین 2018، صفحه 175-187 اصل مقاله (4.36 M)
نوع مقاله: Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22061/jcarme.2017.2484.1239
نویسندگان
R. Sigwadi¹؛ F. Nemavhola^* ²؛ MS. Dhlamini³؛ T. Mokrani¹
¹Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
²Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
³Department of Physics, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
تاریخ دریافت: 31 فروردین 1396، تاریخ بازنگری: 31 خرداد 1396، تاریخ پذیرش: 01 شهریور 1396
چکیده
This paper presents the results of mechanical strength of wet and dry zirconia/ Nafion^® nano-composite membrane. The tensile tests were conducted to determine elastic modulus and stiffness of dry and wet pristine Nafion^® membrane and modified Nafion^® membrane. The composite membranes were prepared by recast method of different synthesized zirconium oxide with the zirconia content of 10% by weight. The uniaxial mechanical properties of nano-composite membranes and recast Nafion^® membrane were captured using a CellScale UStretch uniaxial testing system. The length, width, and thickness of samples were measured using a Vernier caliper and recorded prior to testing. It was found that elastic modulus of the wet Nafion recast is 62.06 %, 35.26 %, 30.79 % and 35.26 % higher than that of Nafion^®/ Zr-100, Nafion/^® Zr-80, Nafion^®/Zr-50, and Nafion^®/Zr-0, respectively. The elastic modulus of dry Nafion recast, Nafion^®/Zr-100, Nafion^®/Zr-80, Nafion^®/Zr-50, and Nafion/Zr-0 membranes are 46.29 %, 83.31 %, 64.81 %, 59.84 %, and 78.36 % higher than those of wet Nafion^® recast, Nafion^®/Zr-100, Nafion^®/Zr-80, Nafion^®/Zr-50, and Nafion^®/Zr-0 membranes, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that when the water content increases in the nano-composite membranes the mechanical strength also decreases.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Tensile strength؛ Stiffness of nano membrane؛ Nano-composite؛ Relative humidity

مراجع
[1] Y. Tang, A. M. Karlsson, M. H. Santare, M. Gilbert, S. Cleghorn, and W. B. Johnson, "An experimental investigation of humidity and temperature effects on the mechanical properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane," Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 425, No. 1, pp. 297-304, (2006). [2] F. Barbir and T. Gomez, "Efficiency and economics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells," international journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 22, No. 10-11, pp. 1027-1037, (1997). [3] L. G. Hector, Y.-H. Lai, W. Tong, and M. J. Lukitsch, "Strain accumulation in polymer electrolyte membrane and membrane electrode assembly materials during a single hydration/dehydration cycle," Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-28, (2007). [4] X. Huang et al., "Mechanical endurance of polymer electrolyte membrane and PEM fuel cell durability," Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 44, No. 16, pp. 2346-2357, (2006). [5] F. Bauer and M. Willert-Porada, "Characterisation of zirconium and titanium phosphates and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance of functionally graded Nafion (R) composite membranes prepared out of them," Journal of power sources, Vol. 145, No. 2, pp. 101-107, (2005). [6] P. Dimitrova, K. Friedrich, B. Vogt, and U. Stimming, "Transport properties of ionomer composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 532, No. 1, pp. 75-83, (2002). [7] A. K. Sahu, K. Ketpang, S. Shanmugam, O. Kwon, S. Lee, and H. Kim, "Sulfonated Graphene–Nafion Composite Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Operating under Reduced Relative Humidity," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, No. 29, pp. 15855-15866, (2016). [8] J. Pan, H. Zhang, W. Chen, and M. Pan, "Nafion–zirconia nanocomposite membranes formed via in situ sol–gel process," international journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 2796-2801, (2010). [9] B. Bauer et al., "Electrochemical characterisation of sulfonated polyetherketone membranes," Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 93-98, (2000). [10] A. B. Yaroslavtsev, V. V. Nikonenko, and V. I. Zabolotsky, "Ion transfer in ion-exchange and membrane materials," Russian chemical reviews, Vol. 72, No. 5, pp. 393-421, (2003). [11] T. Xu, "Ion exchange membranes: state of their development and perspective," Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 263, No. 1, pp. 1-29, (2005). [12] J. Yang, P. K. Shen, J. Varcoe, and Z. Wei, "Nafion/polyaniline composite membranes specifically designed to allow proton exchange membrane fuel cells operation at low humidity," Journal of power sources, Vol. 189, No. 2, pp. 1016-1019, (2009). [13] D. N. Muraviev, J. Macanás, M. Farre, M. Muñoz, and S. Alegret, "Novel routes for inter-matrix synthesis and characterization of polymer stabilized metal nanoparticles for molecular recognition devices," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 118, No. 1, pp. 408-417, (2006). [14] H. Huo, S. Wang, S. Lin, Y. Li, B. Li, and Y. Yang, "Chiral zirconia nanotubes prepared through a sol–gel transcription approach," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 333-338, (2014). [15] C. Yang, S. Srinivasan, A. Bocarsly, S. Tulyani, and J. Benziger, "A comparison of physical properties and fuel cell performance of Nafion and zirconium phosphate/Nafion composite membranes," Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 237, No. 1, pp. 145-161, (2004). [16] T. M. Thampan, N. H. Jalani, P. Choi, and R. Datta, "Systematic approach to design higher temperature composite PEMs," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, No. 2, pp. A316-A325, (2005). [17] F. Bauer and M. Willert-Porada, "Zirconium phosphate Nafion® composites—a microstructure-based explanation of mechanical and conductivity properties," Solid State Ionics, Vol. 177, No. 26, pp. 2391-2396, (2006). [18] K. Adjemian, S. Srinivasan, J. Benziger, and A. Bocarsly, "Investigation of PEMFC operation above 100 C employing perfluorosulfonic acid silicon oxide composite membranes," Journal of power sources, Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 356-364, (2002). [19] H. Zhang et al., "Enhanced anhydrous proton conductivity of polymer electrolyte membrane enabled by facile ionic liquid-based hoping pathways," Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 476, pp. 136-147, (2015). [20] V. Di Noto, E. Negro, J.-Y. Sanchez, and C. Iojoiu, "Structure-relaxation interplay of a new nanostructured membrane based on tetraethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate ionic liquid and neutralized nafion 117 for high-temperature fuel cells," Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, No. 7, pp. 2183-2195, (2010). [21] Y. Zhai, H. Zhang, J. Hu, and B. Yi, "Preparation and characterization of sulfated zirconia (SO 4 2−/ZrO 2)/Nafion composite membranes for PEMFC operation at high temperature/low humidity," Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 280, No. 1, pp. 148-155, (2006). [22] H. W. Starkweather Jr, "Crystallinity in perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers and related polymers," Macromolecules, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 320-323, (1982). [23] M. Tahmasebpour, A. Babaluo, and M. R. Aghjeh, "Synthesis of zirconia nanopowders from various zirconium salts via polyacrylamide gel method," Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 773-778, (2008). [24] F. Davar, A. Hassankhani, and M. R. Loghman-Estarki, "Controllable synthesis of metastable tetragonal zirconia nanocrystals using citric acid assisted sol–gel method," Ceramics International, Vol.39, No. 3, pp. 2933-2941, (2013). [25] T. Kyu, M. Hashiyama, and A. Eisenberg, "Dynamic mechanical studies of partially ionized and neutralized Nafion polymers," Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 680-687, (1983). [26] K. T. Adjemian et al., "Function and characterization of metal oxide− nafion composite membranes for elevated-temperature H2/O2 PEM fuel cells," Chemistry of materials, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 2238-2248, (2006). [27] B. Smitha, D. A. Devi, and S. Sridhar, "Proton-conducting composite membranes of chitosan and sulfonated polysulfone for fuel cell application," international journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 33, No. 15, pp. 4138-4146, (2008). [28] Q. Deng, C. Wilkie, R. Moore, and K. A. Mauritz, "TGA–FTi. r. investigation of the thermal degradation of Nafion® and Nafion®/[silicon oxide]-based nanocomposites," Polymer, Vol. 39, No. 24, pp. 5961-5972, (1998). [29] H. L. Tang and M. Pan, "Synthesis and characterization of a self-assembled nafion/silica nanocomposite membrane for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 112, No. 30, pp. 11556-11568, (2008). [30] G. Mohammadi, M. Jahanshahi, and A. Rahimpour, "Fabrication and evaluation of Nafion nanocomposite membrane based on ZrO 2–TiO 2 binary nanoparticles as fuel cell MEA," international journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 38, No. 22, pp. 9387-9394, (2013). [31] O. Savadogo, "Emerging membrane for electrochemical systems: (I) solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell systems," Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 47-66, (1998). [32] T. A. Zawodzinski et al., "Water uptake by and transport through Nafion® 117 membranes," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, No. 4, pp. 1041-1047, (1993).
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,209 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,219

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

آمار

Effect of relative humidity on mechanical strength of zirconia/ Nafion® nano-composite membrane