Influence of friction stir welding parameters on microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy

Boonchouytan, Worapong Boy; Cheewawuttipong, Watthanaphon; Muangjunburee, Prapas

doi:10.22061/jcarme.2026.12648.2745

تعداد نشریات	13
تعداد شماره‌ها	238
تعداد مقالات	2,418
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	3,962,374
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	2,874,090

	Influence of friction stir welding parameters on microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy
Journal of Computational & Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (JCARME)
مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 03 اسفند 1404 اصل مقاله (1.65 M)
نوع مقاله: Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22061/jcarme.2026.12648.2745
نویسندگان
Worapong boy Boonchouytan^* ¹؛ Watthanaphon Cheewawuttipong²؛ Prapas Muangjunburee³
¹Program in Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Songkhla and Materials Processing Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya
²Program in Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya
³Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla
تاریخ دریافت: 03 آبان 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 02 اسفند 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 03 اسفند 1404
چکیده
This study investigates the effects of tool rotational speed and traverse speed on the microstructural development and mechanical characteristics of friction stir welded (FSW) AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy joints. Welding was performed at rotational speeds of 710, 1000, and 1400 rpm and traverse rates of 14, 28, and 56 mm/min to elucidate the correlation between process parameters, relative heat input, and joint performance. The macrostructural analysis verified the presence of robust weld production devoid of macroscopic flaws across all parameter combinations. Optical microscopy demonstrated polished equiaxed grains in the stir zone, indicative of deformation-induced recrystallization during solid-state processing, while the redistribution of Mg2Si and Al6Mn containing phases facilitated microstructural homogenization. Mechanical tests indicated that hardness and tensile strength typically rose with higher rotational and traverse rates, reaching peak values of 73.77 HV and 111.77 MPa at 1400 rpm and 56 mm/min, respectively. Impact toughness attained a peak value of 13.00 Nm at 1000 rpm and 14 mm/min, where modest heat input and strain rate facilitated a more ductile fracture behavior. The results suggest that joint behavior is determined by the equilibrium between temperature exposure and plastic deformation, rather than by a singular predominant factor. A balance between strength and impact toughness was achieved within the current parameter range of 1000–1400 rpm and 14–56 mm/min, offering practical guidelines for the optimization of AA6082-T6 friction stir welds.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Friction stir welding؛ Aluminum alloy؛ Dynamic recrystallization؛ Mechanical behavior؛ Microstructural evolution

مراجع
[1] R. S. Mishra and Z. Y. Ma, “Friction stir welding and processing”, Mater. Sci. Eng., R., Vol. 50, No. 1-2, pp. 1-78, (2005). [2] No. US5460317A. US. Friction stir welding, W. M. Thomas, E. D. Nicholas, J. C. Needham, M. G. Murch, P. Temple-Smith and C. J. Dawes, (1995). [3] V. Rajkumar, M. Venkateshkannan and A. Natarajan, “Friction stir welding of aluminum alloys”, Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloys., Eds. S. Sivasankaran, IntechOpen, London, pp. 81-97, (2017). [4] P. Cavaliere, “Friction stir welding of Al alloys: analysis of processing parameters affecting mechanical behavior”, Procedia. CIRP., Vol. 11, pp. 139-144, (2013). [5] B. M. Zhao, M. Hu, J. Zhu, Z. Y. Han, H. Q. Sun and Y. L. Ji, “Study on two-step aging technology of 6082 aluminum bumper”, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 764, pp. 245-251, (2018). [6] P. Cavaliere, E. Cerri and A. Squillace “Mechanical response of 2024-7075 aluminium alloys joined by friction stir welding”, J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 40, No. 14, pp. 3669-3676, (2005). [7] Y. Tang, W. Li, Y. Zou, W. Wang, Y. Xu, A. Vairis and G. Çam, “Effects of tool rotation direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy joints by the synergistically double-sided friction stir welding”, J. Manuf. Process., Vol. 126, pp. 109-123, (2024). [8] L. Zhang and X. Wang, “Microstructure evolution and properties of friction stir welding joint for 6082-T6 aluminum alloy”, Mater. Res., Vol. 21, No. 6, e20180285, (2018). [9] M. Arab and M. Zemri, “Optimization of process parameters on friction stir welding of AA 6082-T6 butt joints using taguchi method”, Mech. Mech. Eng., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 1371–1380, (2018). [10] A. Naumov, I. Morozova, E. Rylkov, A. Obrosov, F. Isupov, V. Michailov and A. Rudskoy, “Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of high-speed friction stir welded AA 6082-T6 aluminum alloy”, Mater., Vol. 12, No. 24, 4211, (2019). [11] J. Adamowski and M. Szkodo, “Friction stir welds (FSW) of aluminium alloy AW6082-T6”, J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., Vol. 20, No. 1-2, pp. 403-406, (2007). [12] S. Verma, Meenu and J.P. Misra, “Study on temperature distribution during friction stir welding of 6082 aluminum alloy”, Mater. Today Proc., Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1350-1356, (2017). [13] X. H. Zeng, Peng Xue, D. Wang, D.R. Ni, B. L. Xiao, K. S. Wang and Z.Y. Ma, “Material flow and void defect formation in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys”, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joi., Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 1-10, (2018). [14] K. Kumar and S. V. Kailas, “The role of friction stir welding tool on material flow and weld formation”, Mat. Sci. Eng. A., Vol. 485, No. 1-2, pp. 367-374, (2008). [15] V. Msomi, S. N. Mabuwa and A. Merdji, “Correlation between heat input and mechanical properties of submerged friction stir processed TIG- welded AA8011/AA6082 dissimilar joint: sampling aspect”, Pak. J. Engg. Appl. Sci., Vol. 30, pp. 23-33, (2022). [16] J. Kumar, G. Kumar, H. Mehdi and M. Kumar, “Optimization of FSW parameters on mechanical properties of different aluminum alloys of AA6082 and AA7050 by response surface methodology”, Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf., Vol. 18, pp. 1359-1371, (2024). [17] S. Mabuwa, V. Msomi, H. Mehdi and K.K. Saxena, “Effect of material positioning on Si-rich TIG welded joints of AA6082 and AA8011 by friction stir processing”, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., Vol. 37, No. 17, pp. 2484-2502, (2023). [18] H. Mehdi and R.S. Mishra, “An experimental analysis and optimization of process parameters of AA6061 and AA7075 welded joint by TIG+FSP welding using RSM”, Adv. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 598-620, (2022). [19] S. Jain, R.S. Mishra and H. Mehdi, “Influence of SiC microparticles and multi-pass FSW on weld quality of the AA6082 and AA5083 dissimilar joints”, Silicon., Vol. 15, pp. 6185-6197, (2023). [20] M.S.B. Reyaz, A.N. Sinha, H. Mehdi, and Q. Murtaza, “Effect of pulsed TIG welding parameters on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of dissimilar AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 weldments”, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., Vol. 49, pp. 10891-10911, (2024). [21] H. Mehdi, S. Jain, V. Msomi, and C. Malla, “Effect of intermetallic compounds on mechanical and microstructural properties of dissimilar alloys Al-7Si/AZ91D”, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., Vol. 33, pp. 4781-4793, (2024). [22] S. Bhatnagar, G. Kumar, H. Mehdi, M. Kumar, “Optimization of FSW parameters for enhancing dissimilar joint strength of AA7050 and AA6061 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)”, Mater. Today. Proc., (2023). [23] A. Heidarzadeh, S. Mironov, R. Kaibyshev, G. Çam, A. Simar, A. Gerlich, F. Khodabakhshi, A. Mostafaei, D. P. Field, J. D. Robson, A. Deschamps and P. J. Withers, “Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys: A comprehensive review on microstructural evolution”, Prog. Mater. Sci., Vol. 117, 100752, (2021). [24] A. S. Hamada, A. Järvenpää, M. M. Z. Ahmed, M. Jaskari, B. P. Wynne, D. A. Porter and L. P. Karjalainen, “Microstructural evolution and mechanical characterization of AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy friction stir welded joints”, Mat. Sci. Eng. A., Vol 642, pp. 366-376, (2015). [25] Y. Zhao, W. Wen, Z. Wei, C. Wei, Y. Meng and M. Peng, “Microstructure and abnormal mechanical properties under the coupling effect of strain and temperature for friction-stir-welded joints of Al-Mg-Si alloy”, Mater. Today Commun., Vol. 39, 109273, (2024). [26] J. Song, Y. Sun, W. Li, J. He, Z. Luo, C. He and X. Liu, “Microstructures, texture evolution and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded joints 5083-H111/6082-T6 with different welding speeds. Mater. Today Commun., Vol. 48, 113480, (2025). [27] V. Msomi, S. N. Mabuwa and A. Merdji, “Correlation between heat input and mechanical properties of submerged friction stir processed TIG- welded AA8011/AA6082 dissimilar joint: sampling aspect”, Pak. J. Engg. Appl. Sci., Vol. 30, pp. 23-33, (2022). [28] A. Mirowska, M. Szkodo, Ł. Pawłowski, D. Moszczyńska and J. Mizera, “Influence of friction stir welding parameters on mechanical and electrochemical performance of EN AW‑6082‑T651 alloy butt joints”, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 25, 290, (2025). [29] N. Manuel, D. Beltrão, I. Galvão, R. M. Leal, J. D. Costa and A. Loureiro, “Influence of tool geometry and process parameters on torque, temperature, and quality of friction stir welds in dissimilar Al alloys”, Materials., Vol. 14, No. 20, 6020, (2021). [30] C. Rathinasuriyan, M. Puviyarasan, R. Sankar and V. Selvakumar, “Effect of process parameters on weld geometry and mechanical properties in friction stir welding of AA2024 and AA7075 alloys”, J. Alloys Metall. Syst., Vol. 7, 100091, (2024). [31] J. Yadav, N. Gangil, A. N. Siddiquee, M. E. A. Mohsin, K. Alnamasi, S. Q. Moinuddin, M. F. Khan and S. Maheshwari, “Effect of tool pin profiles on defects formation during friction stir welding of AA 6082-T6 straight-pipes-butt-weld joints”, J. Mater. Res. Technol., Vol. 36, pp. 1645-1657, (2025). [32] M. Simoncini, A. Costa, S. Fichera and A. Forcellese, “Experimental analysis and optimization to maximize ultimate tensile strength and ultimate elongation of friction stir welded AA6082 aluminum alloy”, Metals., Vol. 11, No. 1, 69, (2021). [33] M. M. Z. Ahmed, B. Alzahrani, A. Bakkar, M. M. El-Sayed Seleman, A. Alamry and A. A. El-Aty, “Friction stir spot welding of AA6082-T6 alloy sheets with keyhole refilling using similar consumable rod material: mechanical performance and microstructure analysis”, Crystals., Vol. 15, No. 9, 751, (2025). [34] K. Ramakanth, P. Y. Babu, G. V. Jagadeesh, S. Dey and G. T. N. Veerendra, “Prediction and optimization of process parameters of friction stir welded aluminum 6063 alloy”, J. Alloy Compd., Vol. 8, 100105, (2025). [35] H. Wang, D. He, Y. Wu and S. Xu, “Real-time welding condition monitoring by roughness information extracted from surface images”, Measurement., Vol. 191, 110833, (2022). [36] G. D. Bella, C. Borsellino, M. Chairi, D. Campanella and G. Buffa, “Effect of rotational speed on mechanical properties of AA5083/AA6082 friction stir welded T-joints for naval applications”, Metals., Vol. 14, No. 12, 1410, (2024). [37] J. W. Choi, R. Hino, K. Ushioda, H. Fujii and S. J. Lee, “Critical review of solid-state welding for Al alloys with high joint efficiency: friction stir welding (FSW) vs. linear friction welding (LFW)”, Met. Mater. Int., (2025). [38] C. Mohamed, Z. Samir, B. Benattou, M. Dahmane and G. Mehdi, “Influence of friction stir welding on microstructure and fatigue life of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., (2025). [39] A. Tamadon, D. J. Pons and D. Clucas, “EBSD characterization of bobbin friction stir welding of AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy”, Adv. Mater. Sci., Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 49-74, (2020). [40] Y. S. Khan, M. H. Abidi, W. Malik, N. F. Lone, M. K. Aboudaif and M. K. Mohammed, “Effect of traverse speed variation on microstructural properties and corrosion behavior of friction stir welded WE43 Mg alloy joints”, Materials., Vol. 16, No. 14, 4902, (2023). [41] C. Yu, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Zou, C. Guo, H.He, G. Xu, B. Li and J. Cui, “Influence of Mo on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol., Vol 20, pp. 1437-1454, (2022). [42] I. G. Papantoniou, P. Karmiris-Obratański, B. Leszczyńska-Madej and D. E. Manolakos, “Investigating the impact of friction stir processing on the hydrogen embrittlement in AA6082-T6 heat-treatable aluminum alloy”, Met. Mater. Int. Vol. 30, pp. 2668-2684, (2024). [43] F. F. Mustafa and S. R. Daham, “Investigation of process parameters for T-joint aluminum alloy 6061-T6 with nanocomposites material friction stir welding based on the Taguchi method”, J.Comput. Appl. Res. Mech. Eng. Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 101-111, (2021).
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 102 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 85

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

آمار

Influence of friction stir welding parameters on microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy