واکاوی نقش تفکر طراحی در ارتقای مهارت‌های قرن بیست و یکم: مرور نظام‌مند

ابوالحسنی, زهرا; دهقانی, مرضیه; جوادی پور, محمد; صالحی, کیوان; محمدحسنی, نسرین

doi:10.22061/tej.2021.7206.2508

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	واکاوی نقش تفکر طراحی در ارتقای مهارت‌های قرن بیست و یکم: مرور نظام‌مند
فناوری آموزش
مقاله 7، دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 61، دی 1400، صفحه 81-98 اصل مقاله (810.85 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22061/tej.2021.7206.2508
نویسندگان
زهرا ابوالحسنی¹؛ مرضیه دهقانی^* ¹؛ محمد جوادی پور¹؛ کیوان صالحی¹؛ نسرین محمدحسنی²
¹گروه روش‌ها و برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران،تهران، ایران
²گروه تکنولوژی آموزشی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی،تهران، ایران
تاریخ دریافت: 01 شهریور 1400، تاریخ بازنگری: 10 آذر 1400، تاریخ پذیرش: 15 دی 1400
چکیده
پیشینه و اهداف: : تفکر طراحی یک روش حل مسأله مشارکتی با رویکرد انسان محور است که با بالا بردن تواناییهای تفکر خلاق یادگیرندگان، نوآوری را تقویت میکند. تفکرطراحی به بخشی جداییناپذیر در زمینههای طراحی و مهندسی و همچنین تجارت تبدیل شدهاست؛ اما میتواند تأثیر مثبتی در آموزش قرن بیست و یکم در سایر رشتهها نیز داشته باشد. با استفاده از تفکر طراحی در محیطهای آموزشی، دانشآموزان به‌طور منطقی میخوانند، فکر میکنند و استدلال کرده و مشکلات پیچیدهای را میتوانند، حل کنند. این در حالی است که تعاریف متعددی از تفکر طراحی آمدهاست به‌طوری‌که بسیاری از نویسندگان اظهار داشتهاند یک تعریف ثابت جهانی از تفکر طراحی وجود ندارد. لذا تلاش برای فهم و ابهام‌زدایی از تفکر طراحی ضروری به‌نظر میرسد. در همین راستا هدف از پژوهش حاضر تحلیل مفهوم تفکر طراحی و بررسی مدلهای تفکر طراحی و تعاریف مهارتهای قرن بیست ویکم، همچنین بررسی نقش تفکر طراحی بر روی مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم با جمعآوری، ارزیابی و مرور نظاممند مقالات مرتبط با این موضوع میباشد. روش‌ها‌: در این مطالعه جست و جو در بانکهای داده اریک، ساینس دایرکت، تایلر و فرانسیس و اسپرینگر و گوگل اسکلار انجام شد و کلیه مقالاتی که از سال 2000 تا 2020 در بانک دادههای آنها نمایه شده بود با زبان انگلیسی گردآوری شد. پس از جست‌وجو در بانکهای داده، مقالات مرتبط انتخاب شده و با ملاک ارزیابی casp مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفتند. پس از خواندن خلاصه مقالات و بررسی اولیه و حذف مقالات غیرمرتبط، نسخه کامل 83 مقاله تهیه و بررسی شد. مقالات مرتبط انتخاب، سپس از بین مقالات موجود شده و جهت ارزیابی تفصیلی بر اساس ملاک ارزیابیcasp مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. همچنین در جستجوی دستی که از طریق منابع مقالات انجام شد. با توجه به ماهیت تفکر طراحی 3 سایت مرجع برای ارائه مدل و 3 کتاب و 2 سایت برای مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم را اضافه کردیم. در نهایت 54 مقاله، کتاب و سایت جهت مطالعه تفصیلی انتخاب شد. یافته‌ها: با توجه به مقالات مورد مطالعه به‌دست آمده، یافتههای مقالات درچهار گروه طبقه بندی شدند که عبارتند از: 1- مقالاتی که مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم را تبیین نمودهاند. 2- مقالاتی که تعریفی نو از تفکر طراحی ارائه دادهاند. 3- مقالاتی که????مدلهای جدیدی از تفکر طراحی را ارائه نمودهاند. 4-???? مقالاتی که از مدلها در اجرای طرح و ارتقای مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم استفاده نمودهاند. با توجه به نتیجه به‌دست آمده علی‌رغم شباهتها و ارتباطاتی که میتواند در چهارچوبهای مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم شناسایی شود، اصطلاحات و تعاریف مختلف اغلب برای توصیف یک مهارت یا مجموعه مهارتها استفاده میشود که باعث ابهام و سردرگمی است. در همین راستا مهارتهایی که در تمامی چارچوبهای ذکر شدهاست عبارتند از: همکاری و ارتباطات؛ سواد فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات؛ مهارتهای اجتماعی؛ همچنین خلاقیت؛ تفکر انتقادی؛ حل مسأله، تولید محصولات با کیفیت و بهرهوری. همچنین نتایج مطالعات حاکی از این نکته بود که اجرای تفکر طراحی منجر به تقویت مهارت حل مسأله، نوآوری و خلاقیت و مهارت استفاده از تفکر تلفیقی میشود. در ادامه اجرای تفکر طراحی همراه با همدلی، همکاری، کار تیمی نیز همراه است که این امر به خودباوری و ارزشمند بودن فرد یادگیرنده منجر میشود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج پژوهش به‌طور کلی میتوان گفت، از آنجاکه جامعه امروز به تربیت نسل مجهز به مهارتهای قرن بیست و یکم، برای پیشبرد اهداف عالیه جامعه نیاز دارد؛ لذا توجه به بسترسازی شرایط لازم برای اجرای تفکر طراحی نقش بیبدیلی را در پرورش نسلی کارآمد ایفا میکند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
مهارت های قرن بیست و یکم؛ تفکر طراحی؛ مدل؛ مرور نظاممند
موضوعات
رویکردهای نوین آموزشی
عنوان مقاله [English]
An analysis of the role of design thinking in promoting the 21st-century skills: A systematic review
نویسندگان [English]
Z. Abolhasani¹؛ M. Dehghani¹؛ M. Javadipour¹؛ K. Salehi¹؛ N. Mohammadhasani²
¹Department of Methods and Curriculum Planning, College of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
²Department of Educational Technology, College of Psychology and Educational Sciences, kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives: Design thinking is a participatory problem-solving method with a human-centered approach that enhances innovation by enhancing learners' creative thinking abilities. Although design thinking has become an integral part of design and engineering as well as business, it can have a positive impact on the 21st century education in other fields, too. Using design thinking in educational settings, students read, think, and reason logically and can solve complex problems. However, there are several definitions of design thinking, as many authors have stated that there is no fixed universal definition of design thinking. Therefore, it seems necessary to try to understand and demystify design thinking. In this regard, the purpose of this study researchis to analyze the concept of design thinking and study the models of design thinking and definitions of the 21st century skills as well as the role of design thinking on the 21st century skills by systematic collecting, evaluating and reviewing the related articles on this topic. Methods: In this study, searches were performed in the databases of Eric, ScienceDirect, Taylor and Francis, Springer, and Google Scholar, and all articles indexed in their databases from 2000 to 2020 were collected in English. After searching the databases, the relevant articles were selected and evaluated according to the CASP evaluation criteria. After reading the abstracts and the initial review and removal of irrelevant articles, the full version of 83 articles was prepared and reviewed. Then, among the available articles, the relevant ones were selected and evaluated for detailed evaluation based on CASP evaluation criteria. Also, in the manual search that was done through the sources of articles, according to the nature of design thinking, 3 reference sites were added to present the model and 3 books and 2 websites were added for the skills of the 21st century. Finally, 54 articles, books and websites were selected for detailed study. Findings: According to the obtained/aforementioned studies, they were categorized in four groups: 1- Articles that have explained the skills of the 21st century. 2- Articles that have offered a new definition of design thinking. 3- Articles that have presented new models of design thinking. 4- Articles that have used the models in implementing the design and improving the skills of the 21st century. Given the results, despite the similarities and connections that can be identified in the context of 21st century skills, different terms and definitions are often used to describe a skill or a set of skills that cause ambiguity and confusion. In this regard, the skills that are mentioned in all frameworks are as follows: cooperation and communication; ICT literacy; social skills; creativity; critical thinking; problem solving, production of quality products and productivity. The results of the studies also showed that the implementation of design thinking leads to strengthening problem-solving skills, innovation and creativity, and the skill of using integrated thinking. Continuing the implementation of design thinking along with empathy, cooperation, teamwork leads to self-confidence and value of the learner. Conclusion: According to the research results, in general, it can be said that today's society needs to educate a generation equipped with the 21st century skills to advance the high goals of the society, so paying attention to creating the necessary conditions for the implementation of design thinking plays a unique role in raising a productive generation.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
21st Century Skills, Design thinking, Model, Systematic review

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